Unit 15 War and Peace : Shall there be Peace?

 Ways with words (141)

 A. Match the words on the left side with their meanings on the right.(Question)

a. proclaim               i. generous or forgiving 

b. unswerving          ii. distress 

c.  magnanimous     iii. dreadful 

d.  trample               iv. steady or constant 

e. tremendous         v. declare 

f.  inevitable           vi. upcoming 

g. dire                     vii. huge 

h.  anguish             viii. pitiless 

i. impending           ix. unavoidable 

j.  ruthless               x. crush 

Answers

a. proclaim               i. declare 

b. unswerving          ii. steady or constant   

c.  magnanimous     iii. generous or forgiving 

d.  trample               iv. crush 

e. tremendous         v. huge

f.  inevitable           vi. unavoidable 

g. dire                     vii. dreadful 

h. anguish              viii. distress 

i. impending           ix. upcoming 

j.  ruthless               x. pitiless 

B. Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list given. 

appalling     sanguine    slaughter    absurdity    futility    reluctance     bestir 

a. The soldiers suffer …appalling… injuries during the attack. 

b. She is …sanguine… about prospects for the economic development of the country. 

c. Innocent people get unexpected … slaughter… in the war. 

d. The crowd laughed at the … absurdity… of the singer’s behaviour. 

e. The intellectuals should be worried about the horror and …futility… of war. 

f. He sensed her …reluctance… to continue the work. 

g. They …  bestir … themselves at the first light of morning. 

 

Comprehension (141)

 Answer these questions.

 a. Why was the Italian Socialist Mergari treated like a madman? 

The Italian Socialist Mergari was treated like a madman because he had spoken a few natural, human words.

b. Can political aims be attained by the criminal instrumentality of war? If yes, how?

Politicians with their powerful speeches brainwash the minds of the public and soldiers and make them ready to act according to their desire in the name of nation. Public for nationalism accept war quietly and become ready to participate in war. From the result of war, political aims can be attained.

c. Which hopes and plans were said to be mutually contradictory? 

The hopes of peace negotiation between Russia and German in Brest-Litovsk, and France's plans to attack Germany were said to be mutually contradictory.

d. What can be the sacred duty of every man of good will on earth?

The sacred duty of every man of good will on earth can be not to be indifferent (lack of interest) and let the war ongoing, but to do best to prevent this final battle.

e. Is it good to tacitly (silently) accept war as an instrument of politics? If not, what else should be done?

No, it is not good to tacitly (silently) accept war as an instrument of politics. The following things should be done.

* We should give enough reasons for peace.

*We should detest and perform against useless political provocations.

* We should throw out those statesmen who conceive foreign policy in terms of self seeking national programmes, who ignore the cry of mankind!

*We should show our contest and sincerest hatred to them who want war.

 

f. How can we stop war in the world? 

We can stop war in the world if we decide to devote ourselves exclusively for a little while to clearing away the obstacles and the barriers to peace.

g. What is the main message of this essay?

The main message of this essay is war only brings destruction and pain. We all want peace and for it, we should give enough reasons. 

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Grammar (142)

Sentence functions 

A. Do you know the parts of a sentence? If not, look at this sentence.

The fat man painted the door green last week. 

In this sentence, 

the fat man → Subject (S) 

painted → Verb (V) 

the door   →  Object (O) 

green →  Complement (C) 

last week   →     Adverbial (A)

Meaning of subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial

subject - The subject is the person or thing doing something.  (जस्ले कार्य गर्दछ, कर्ता )

verb- A verb is a word or a combination of words that indicates action. (कर्ताले के गरेको छ, क्रिया)

object - An object is the person, place, or thing that receives the action. (कर्ताले गरेको कामको प्रभाव जसलाई पर्छ, कर्म कारक)

complement- It provides greater detail about the subject or object. कर्ता र कर्मको बारेमा जानकारी दिन्छ)

adverbial - Adverbials are used to explain how, where or when something happened. (क्रिया-विशेषण)

 

B. Divide the following sentences into different parts. 

Example: The man will buy a pen next week. 

The man – will buy – a pen – next week.     

Subject  +  Verb   +   Object + Adverbial

a. The children are playing now. 

     The children – are playing –  now. 

      Subject     +       Verb   +     Adverbial (adjunct)

b. Srijana will be reading a story.

    Srijana   –  will be reading   –   a story. 

    Subject    +      Verb       +        Object

c. Bimala is a very beautiful girl.

  Bimala  –  is   –  a very  beautiful girl.

   Subject  +  Verb (be)  +   Complement

d. She usually wears glasses. 

She     –    usually   –  wears   –   glasses.

Subject + Adverbial +  Verb     +   Object 

e. They elected him President.

    They    –   elected   –  him President. 

    Subject   +    Verb     +   Object Complement

f. Rabin is laughing. 

  Rabin  – is   laughing. 

  Subject   + Verb  

g. He has a big house in Butwal. 

   He  – has – a big house –  in Butwal.

Subject  + Verb + complement + Adverbial

h. The man who lives next door is a professor. 

   The man  – who lives next door    –   is  – a professor.

   Subject      +  Relative clause     +   Verb    +  Complement  

i. Her uncle has been living in Kathmandu for fifteen years. 

 Her uncle   –  has been living   –  in Kathmandu   – for fifteen years.

   Subject    +       Verb           +       Adverbial          +       Adverbial

j. The girl with long hair asked me a question last week. 

  The girl with long hair   – asked   –  me   – a question  –  last week.

     Subject       +      Verb   +  Object (indirect) +  Object (direct)  +   Adverbial

* note : A direct object answers the question of who(m) or what.

•            *An indirect object answers the question of to whom, for whom, or for what.

class 11 Compulsory English-Unit 13 Career and Entrepreneurship Mahabir Pun: A Visionary Social Entrepreneur

Ways with words page (123)

 A. Find the words from the text which mean the following. The first letter has been given. 

a. making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc.   c………. 

comfortable

b. having a degree from the university                                               g………. 

graduated

c. without being connected with or influenced by something or by each other   i……………                                                                                                                               

independently

d. the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something    i……….                      

innovation                                                                                                                                         

e. familiar with something, having read, seen or experienced it       a………. 

acquainted

f. a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks                                         e……….. 

entrepreneur

g. an opportunity or a place for somebody to express their opinions publicly or make progress in a particular area                                               p…….. 

platform

h. to use something, especially for a practical purpose                   u……….

 utilize

B. The plural form of bacterium is bacteria. Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -es, as most nouns in the English language do. Now, write the plural forms of the following nouns. 

calf              basis           sheaf             cactus 

louse          crisis            person           formula 

ox               fungus         goose            oasis 

analysis     curriculum    appendix        fungus

nouns            plural

calf       →     calves

 basis    →     Bases  

sheaf     →     sheaves 

cactus   →     cacti

louse    →      lice

crisis    →    crises  

person   →  persons/people      

formula →   formulas/ formulae

ox         →  oxen

fungus   → fungi / funguses    

goose    →     geese   

oasis →     oases

analysis  →  analyses 

curriculum →   Curricula /curriculums

appendix    →   Appendices/ Appendixes

Answer these questions. 

a. How did Mahabir Pun begin his lifelong journey in Nepal after coming back to Nepal from the US?

After coming back to Nepal from the US Mahabir Pun decided to stay in his home village Nangi of Myagdi district and to help villagers start a high school as a volunteer teacher. That was the beginning of his lifelong journey in Nepal.  

b. Why didn't he want to work for other companies in the US or in Nepal? 

To enjoy in his life, he wanted to work independently and do something on his own for the benefits of human beings. Therefore, he didn't want to work for other companies in the US or in Nepal? 

c. Why did he involve in innovation? 

He was involved in innovation due to the necessity to retain (keep) the most talented and innovative young people in Nepal for economic development. 

d. What are the income-generating programmes that he helped to start?

Some of the income generating programmes that he helped to start are Yak farming, camping ground for the trekkers, cheese making, jam making, paper making, bee keeping, vegetable farming, handicraft making, fish farming etc. 

e. Whose support is Pun getting to proceed with his campaign? 

He is getting support from people and communities. 

f. How have the developed countries become prosperous? 

The developed countries have become prosperous because they have always given research and innovation the topmost priority for economic development and they are investing huge amount of money for that. 

g. How can we keep the most talented and innovative people in Nepal?

 By creating good opportunities and environment for the talented youths to stay and work in Nepal. We can keep the most talented and innovative people in Nepal.

(page no -127)

C. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection to the present 

E.g:  I lost my keys yesterday.

We use the present perfect to talk about completed actions which have impacts to the present. 

E.g:  I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere.

E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. 

a. I don't know where Muna is. …… (you/see) her?

 I don't know where Muna is. Have you seen her ?

b. Janak …… (not/be) very well last week. 

 Janak was not very well last week. 

c. Last night I …… (lose) my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home. 

Last night I lost my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home.

d. I …… (lose) my keys. Can you help me look for them? 

    I have lost my keys. Can you help me look for them?

e.  I …… (know) Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.

     I have known Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.

f. She …… (live) in Sikkim when she was a child. 

   She lived in Sikkim when she was a child.

g.  A: What’s wrong? 

    B: I …… (break) a glass.

    I have broken a glass. 

h.  A: When …… (you/arrive)?  

     When did you arrive?

     B: At 10 pm last night. 

i. How long …… (you/know) Sarmila for? 

   How long have you known sarmila for ?

j. This is the first time I …… (drive) a car. 

This is the first time I have driven a car.

D. We use both 'been (to)' and 'gone (to)' as the past participle of 'go', but with different meanings. 

been - If you have visited a place on holiday and then returned you have been there. 

E.g:-   I’ve been to Muktinath. 

          Sarika is back home now. She has been to Jumla. 

 gone - If someone visits a place but has not come home they have gone there. 

E.g:-    Prem is on holiday. He has gone to Ilam. 

           Sarika is back home now. She has been to Jumla. 

F. Use been or gone. 

a. I’ve never …… to Japan. 

   I’ve never been to Japan. 

b. Kalpana has …… to Korea. She may come back next year. 

    Kalpana has gone to Korea. She may come back next year. 

c.   A: Where’s Rachana? 

     B: She has …… to the shops. 

         She has gone to the shops.

d. Harina was here earlier but I think she has …… now. 

    Harina was here earlier but I think she has gone now.

e. Have you ever …… to London?

    Have you ever been to London?

 

Unit-5-Life-and-Love

unit-8-Humour-and-Satire

Unit-4-History-and-Culture    All grammar.

Unit 4 History and Culture, Qin Dynasty, class 11-Compulsory English, grammar exercises

A. Match the words with their meanings. (question)

a. brevity                i. the state of being alike

b. conquest             ii. a member of an uncivilized group of people or culture 

c. resemblance       iii. state of being noble in character, quality, or rank 

d. barbarian             iv. liquid that is believed to cure all ills

 e. ally                     v. lasting only for a short time 

f. nobility                vi. cruel 

g. ruthlessness        vii. victory over a place or people by use of military force 

h. decimation          viii. the killing or destruction of a large number of a population 

i. harsh                    ix. character of having no pity or compassion 

j. elixir                 x. one state united to another by a treaty or a league for a military purpose

 A. Match the words with their meanings. Answers

a. brevity            v. lasting only for a short time

b. conquest         vii. victory over a place or people by use of military force

c. resemblance    i. the state of being alike

d. barbarian         ii. a member of an uncivilized group of people or culture

e. ally                  x. one state united to another by a treaty or a league for a military purpose                    

f. nobility            iii. state of being noble in character, quality, or rank

g. ruthlessness     ix. character of having no pity or compassion

h. decimation     viii. the killing or destruction of a large number of a population

i. harsh-              vi. cruel

j. elixir               iv. liquid that is believed to cure all ills

B. Find the following words in the text and use them in sentences of your own.

invasion      disregard      paramount        populace       revolt       assassination        serfdom

i) invasion (attack)   -   She was annoyed at his invasion.

 

ii) disregard  -  ( to pay no attention to)  - He disregarded her advice.   

iii) paramount  - most important -  Unemployment was the paramount issue in the election.  

iv) populace   - population -  Why is the populace of the world increasing ?   

v) revolt  -    विद्रोह -    A revolt will force the government to shut down.

vi) assassination  -   murder  -  he tried to assassinate the president .     

vii) serfdom -  slavery  -  In 1722 serfdom was abolished.

Grammar (page 39)

A. Read this paragraph and classify regular and irregular verbs in the bold face. 

About 771 BCE, a barbarian invasion drove the Zhou rulers eastwards. During this 

time, the state of Qin became responsible for guarding the western frontier and they

 gradually moved eastward and eventually occupied the original Zhou domains. Thus, 

the Qin became a close ally of the Zhou and they also had marriage relations with the Zhou ruling class. King Ping of Zhou (r. 770-720 BCE) transferred titles of the nobility and huge estates to the chief of Qin.

 

Regular verbs - moved, occupied, transferred

Irregular verbs - drove, became, had 

B. Complete the texts below using the correct past forms of the verbs from the bracket. 

a. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the 

    Yucatan. However, their culture……………. (disappear) by the time 

    Europeans first …………… (arrive) in the New World.

b. When I ………(turn) on the radio yesterday, I ……….(hear) a song that 

      was popular when I    ……(be) at the basic level of my study. It ……….. 

      (take) me back to some old memories.

 

c. I was looking for a job. I……….(apply) for a job last week. Fortunately, 

    I…… (get) it and now I am a job holder.

Answers:

a) had disappeared, arrived

b) turned, heard, was, took

c) applied, got

C. Choose the correct words from the list and complete the sentences with the correct verb form.

 

         teach         write         see            get up           throw             cost 

      a. Newton…saw……….an apple falling from the tree. 

   

      b. Ramesh Bikal…wrote…..many popular stories. 

   

       c. My jacket is expensive. It……cost….me Rs 5000. 

      

      d. She…got up….early in the morning yesterday. 

     

      e. When I was small, my father…taught…..me at home. 

    

       f. Why did you… throw ….the cap away?

D. Put the verb into the correct form and complete the sentences. 

     

     a. I went to see the film, but I…didn't enjoy..it. (not/enjoy)

     b. I…met…..Rojina in town in a few days ago. (meet) 

     c. It was very warm, so I…took off…..my coat. (take off) 

     d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I…I didn't sleep……very well. (not/sleep) 

     e. I ......started..... new job last week. (start) 

     f. He ......was....... too busy in the office yesterday. (be) 

    g. Nita…invited…. her to the party, but she didn’t come. (invite)