“History is written by the winners.” -Napoleon Bonaparte
A. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word.
a. Many portraits of Napoleon show him with his right hand placed inside his coat.
i. shape ii. hairstyle iii. sketch (✔) iv. movement
b. Napoleon won one victory after another, defeating the Austrians in eighteen battles.
i. beating (✔) ii. joining iii. fighting iv. directing
c. Portrait painters thought this pose made men look more dignified.
i. good-looking (✔) ii. young iii. intelligent iv. energetic
d. They announced France a republic.
i. officially declared (✔) ii. informally decided ii. put into practice iv. voted into law
e. Napoleon conquered Austria in 1805.
i. lost ii. tried to control iii. triumphed over(✔) iv. attacked
f. There was no place to house his soldiers in the bitter Russian winter.
i. difficult ii. cold(✔) iii. dark iv. empty
g. Napoleon was humiliated when he was defeated.
i. tortured ii. punished iii. confused iv. shamed(✔)
B. Guess the meanings to these words from the text. Check in your dictionary and make sentences of your own.
violent execute ancient alliance brilliant genius consul invading
i) violent - using or involving physical force intended to hurt हिंसात्मक
sentence - The love that is too violent will not last long.
ii) execute - put a plan into effect. कार्यान्वयन
iii) ancient - old - प्राचीन -
Sentence - My father has found ancient Egyptian writing during his research.
iv) alliance -treaty-or dealing - सन्धी
sentence - There is disagreement within the alliance about how to deal with this problem.
v) brilliant - talented - प्रतिभाशाली
Sentence - Sunil is one of the most brilliant students in the school.
vi) genius - mastermind - प्रतिभाशाली
Sentence -He is genius in Mathematics.
vii) consul - ambassador - दुत
sentence - Gen. Daman Shamsher Rana was appointed as the first Consul General of Nepal in 1948 A. D.
viii) invading- enter into a country to occupy. आक्रमण
sentence - The invading army of France had destroyed all grains of the village.
D. Find the meanings of the following noun phrases and use them in sentences.
Vice-President Editor-in-chief Deputy Editor-in-Chief Deputy-Mayor
Joint-secretary Under-secretary Deputy-Prime Minister Vice-Chancellor
Attorney-general Ex-president Sub-editor co-author
i)Vice-President - an official or executive rank
Sentence - He is the retired executive vice president of Scientific Atlanta.
ii)Editor-in-chief - (chief editor)
Sentence - He is editor in chief of Global Vision, a quarterly business magazine.
iii) Deputy-Mayor- (vice mayor)
Sentence - He was only then a deputy mayor.
iv)Joint-secretary - (the head of office) सहसचिव
Sentence - Narayan became general secretary of the party, and Masani joint secretary.
v) Under-secretary- (lower rank than a secretary )
Sentence - He was appointed under-secretary of state
vi) Deputy-Prime Minister- (vice prime minister)
Sentence - The Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal is the deputy leader of the executive body.
vii) Vice - Chancellor - (an officer ranking nest below a chancellor )
Sentence - Several Universities' vice chancellors are women कुलपति
viii) Attorney-general- (the main legal advisor to the government)- महाधिवक्ता
Sentence - As attorney-general he argued the famous cases.
ix) Ex-president- (a former president)
Sentence - I was the ex-president.
x) Sub-editor- (a person who checks and makes changes to texts)
Sentence - The sub-editor would know that, and the editor would know it.
xi) co-author- (who has made a significant contribution to a journal article)
Sentence - Dan is the co-author of the book.
Answer these questions. (page 133)
a. Where was Napoleon from?
Napoleon Bonaparte was from France.
b. Why did poor and middle-class people declare France a republic?
Poor and middle-class people declare France a republic because they were tired of paying heavy taxes for the luxurious life of the king and his nobles.
c. When did Napoleon declare himself emperor of France?
In 1804, Napoleon declared himself emperor of France.
d. What did he do when he ruled France?
In France, he ruled wisely and well, and he restored law and order after the revolution. He reorganized the French government and the Bank of France. He built many fine roads and improved the old ones. He turned Paris into a beautiful city with wide streets, fine bridges, and beautiful buildings and monuments, such as the Arc de Triomphe. More importantly, he improved the laws.
e. Which countries did he rule when he was the emperor?
When he was the emperor he ruled Italy, Switzerland, and Germany.
f. What was the main cause of his destruction?
To invade Russia was the main cause of his destruction.
g. How did his rule as emperor end in Europe?
The Europeans gathered their armies to end his rule. He was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Then his rule ended.
h. How could Napoleon have been an even greater ruler?
Napoleon could have been an even greater ruler if he had not been driven by his love of power.
Grammar 134
A. Study the following sentences.
a. She may/might be in France.
b. You've had a long journey. You must be tired.
c. Niraj can't be in Gorkha - I saw him this morning
We use may or might to talk about the possibility of something in the present or in the future.
We use must and can’t to express certainty in the present.
B. Fill in the blanks with may, must or can’t.
a. Matthew …… be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.
Matthew must be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.
b. They …… be coming tomorrow.
They may be coming tomorrow.
c. She …… speak French very well. She's only lived in Paris for two weeks.
She can't speak French very well. She's only lived in Paris for two weeks.
d. My key is not in my pocket or on my desk so it …… be in the drawer.
My key is not in my pocket or on my desk so it must be in the drawer.
e. I saw him yesterday. He …… be abroad.
I saw him yesterday. He can't be abroad.
f. You got the job? That's great. You …… be very delighted.
You got the job? That's great. You must be very delighted.
g. I …… finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I'm not sure.
I may finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I'm not sure.
h. Somebody is knocking on the door. It …… be Sabina – she promised to come today.
Somebody is knocking on the door. It …must… be Sabina – she promised to come today.
C. Rewrite the following sentences using may/might, must or can’t.
Example: May be they went away.
They may/might have gone away.
Rules:
How to make V1
is - be
are - be
v5 - V1
has - have
V2 - have +V3
was - have been
were - have + been
*must and can't
Sure, certain, confirm, obviously, convince
*may/might
perhaps, maybe, it is possible, in future, I think, probably
I’m sure - must
I'm sure not -can't
I doubt, Perhaps - may / might
Perhaps + not - may / might + not
C. Rewrite the following sentences using may/might, must or can’t.
a. I’m sure he’s not going to the cinema today.
She can't be going to the cinema today.
b. Perhaps she knows the answer.
She might know the answer.
c. I’m sure he has a car.
He must have a car.
d. I doubt if it rains later on.
It may rain later on.
e. Perhaps she wants to be alone.
She might want to be alone.
f. I’m sure Harina is in her office,
Herina must be in her office.
Unit 4 History and Culture : Qin Dyansty
Unit 5 Life and Love : The Looking Glass
Unit 8 Humour and Satire : A Few Kind Words for Superstition
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